Description

FORMAL ESSAY TWO

Select one of the argumentative elements as the discourse of your essay and write a well- constructed, 3-5 page essay with a separate Works Cited page. The topic is the environment（Please write anything about forest, and try to pick up a really specific topic）. You will have to narrow down the topic to a more specific idea. You are welcome to use any lecture material and are also required to locate two academic scholarly articles (scholarly journals in any discipline, such as Nursing, Literature History, Art, Science or Psychology.) that were not used in essay one.  

You must research two new scholarly articles.

The essay is MLA format(please at least have 4 paragraph for the main discuss part, and the paper should have more than 5 paragraph total) , therefore, use Times Roman 12-point font, double spaced, MLA in-text citation, and a great title.

 

Some source may help

 

 

The Land Ethic by Aldo Leopold

 

 

Argument can be defined as a process of making what we think, clear to ourselves and to others. The definition derives from the words Latin origin, arguere, meaning to make clear. Engaging in argument involves moving from a private, often vague viewpoint to a clearly stated position that we can publicly defend in speech or writing. To undertake this process means to pursue the truth with honesty and openness.

Argument in this sense of seeking clarity has a two-part form or structure:

(1) The statement of an opinion

(2) The statement of one or more reasons for holding that opinion.

Argument is not in itself an end or a purpose of communication. It is rather a means of discourse, a way of developing what we have to say. We can identify four primary aims or purposes that argument helps us accomplish:

Inquiry

Conviction

Persuasion

Negotiation

Arguing to Inquire: Forming our opinions or questioning those we already have.

The ancient Greeks used the word dialectic to identify an argument as inquiry; a more common term might be dialogue or conversation. Arguing to inquire helps us accomplish the following:

to form opinions

to question opinions

to reason our way through conflicts or contradictions

It requires an attitude of patient questioning under non-threatening circumstances, usually done alone or among trusted friends and associates. The primary purpose is a search for the truth. The primary audience is often the writer and fellow inquirers concerned with the same issues.

Examples: Classroom discussions; journal writing; exploratory essays; letters; late-night bull sessions in a dorm.

Arguing to Convince: Gaining assent from others through case-making.

While some inquiry may be never ending, the goal of most inquiry is to reach a conclusion, a conviction. We seek an earned opinion, achieved through careful thought, research, and discussion. And then we usually want others to share this conviction, to secure the assent of an audience by means of reason rather than by force.

Arguing to inquire centers on asking questions: we want to expose and examine what we think. Arguing to convince requires us to make a case, to get others to agree with what we think. While inquiry is a cooperative use of argument, convincing is competitive. We put our case against the case of others in an effort to win the assent of readers.

Examples: a lawyers brief; newspaper editorials; case studies; most academic writing

Arguing to Persuade: Moving others to action through rational, emotional, personal, and stylistic appeals.

While arguing to convince seeks to earn the assent of readers or listeners, arguing to persuade attempts to influence their behavior, to move them to act upon the conviction. Persuasion aims to close the gap between assent and action. To convince focuses on the logic of an argument; to persuade will often rely on the personal appeal of the writer (what Aristotle called ethos) and involve an appeal to an audiences emotions (pathos). In addition to these personal and emotional appeals, persuasion exploits the resources of language more fully than convincing does.

In general, the more academic the audience or the more purely intellectual the issue, the more likely that the writing task involves an argument to convince rather than to persuade. In most philosophy or science assignments, for example, the writer would usually focus on conviction rather than persuasion, confining the argument primarily to thesis, reasons, and evidence. But when you are working with public issues, with matters of policy or questions of right and wrong, persuasions fuller range of appeal is usually appropriate.

Persuasion begins with difference and, when it works, ends with identity. We expect that before reading our argument, readers will differ from us in beliefs, attitudes, and/or desires. A successful persuasive argument brings readers and writer together, creating a sense of connection between parties.

Examples: Political speeches, sermons, advertising

Arguing to Negotiate: Exploring differences of opinion in the hope of reaching agreement and/or cooperation.

If efforts to convince and/or persuade the audience have failed, the participants must often turn to negotiation, resolving the conflict in order to maintain a satisfactory working relationship. Each side must listen closely to understand the other side’s case and the emotional commitments and values that support that case. The aim of negotiation is to build consensus, usually by making and asking for concessions. Dialogue plays a key role, bringing us full circle back to argument as inquiry. Negotiation often depends on collaborative problem-solving.

Examples: Diplomatic negotiations, labor relations, documents in organizational decision-making; essays seeking resolution of conflict between competing parties; also frequent in private life when dealing with disagreements among friends and family members.

 

Get Homework Help Now