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1. Question 1

   2.5/2.5

   Which provision of the Constitution prevents someone from being tried twice for the same crime in the same jurisdiction?

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   the good faith exception

   the exclusionary rule

   the double jeopardy clause

   the Miranda rights
2. Question 2

   2.5/2.5

   Following the Supreme Court’s decision on Employment Division v. Smith, which requirement must be met by a state to refuse accommodation of religious practices?

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   the clear and present danger test

   the compelling state interest standard

   the Lemon test

   the legitimate state interest standard
3. Question 3

   2.5/2.5

   The right to keep and bear arms is guaranteed by which constitutional amendment?

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   the Eighth Amendment

   the Fifth Amendment

   the Fourth Amendment

   the Second Amendment
4. Question 4

   2.5/2.5

   The right of a criminal defendant to have legal counsel is protected by which amendment?

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   the Sixth Amendment

   the Fifth Amendment

   the Fourth Amendment

   the Second Amendment
5. Question 5

   2.5/2.5

   The Lemon test deals primarily with religious involvement in which context?

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   standardized testing in schools

   government aid to public and private schools

   public school vouchers

   the establishment of private schools
6. Question 6

   2.5/2.5

   Which Supreme Court case prohibited the practice of prayer in public schools as a violation of the First Amendment?

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   Lee v. Weisman

   Wisconsin v. Yoder

   Engel v. Vitale

   Lemon v. Kurtzman
7. Question 7

   2.5/2.5

   Speech cannot be deemed as libelous if it has which characteristic?

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   It is clearly false.

   It was done maliciously.

   It is truthful.

   It is printed.
8. Question 8

   2.5/2.5

   What are civil liberties?

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   rights that allow people from different groups to participate in the American political system

   rights that the Founders thought should only be extended to certain classes of people

   rights granted by the government to ensure equality among various groups of people

   rights that are guaranteed by the Constitution and protected from government infringement
9. Question 9

   2.5/2.5

   The process of ensuring that states recognize and respect the protections granted by rights listed in the Bill of Rights is known as ______.

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   deregulation

   extension

   devolution

   incorporation
10. Question 10

    2.5/2.5

    Suppose a public university with an unfortunate history of racial discrimination has implemented a program that requires at least 10 percent of all students admitted for a term be Hispanic, 20 percent be Black, and 60 percent be female. Is this system permitted under current law?

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    Yes, this is a quota system and is simply an extension of legal affirmative action programs.

    Yes, this is an example of affirmative action, which is legal.

    No, this system would be considered discrimination and is illegal.

    No, setting strict quotas for admissions and hiring is not permitted.
11. Question 11

    2.5/2.5

    As a way to help the economy recover from the financial crisis that lasted from 2007 through 2010 and get the United States out of a recession, Congress passed a stimulus package that increased government spending and injected money into the economy. What is this policy an example of?

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    Keynesian economics

    poor economic planning

    supply-side economic policy

    a revival of New Deal policies
12. Question 12

    2.5/2.5

    The federal government may not ban the practice of religion due to which provision?

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    the clear and present danger test

    the free exercise clause of the First Amendment

    the Lemon test

    the establishment clause of the First Amendment
13. Question 13

    2.5/2.5

    The right of Americans to keep a handgun in their home for purposes of self-defense was reinforced by the Supreme Court’s decision on which case?

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    Roe v. Wade

    District of Columbia v. Heller

    Engle v. Vitale

    McDonald v. Chicago
14. Question 14

    2.5/2.5

    What happened as a result of the Supreme Court’s decision that a right to privacy was implied in the Constitution?

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    The number of abortions decreased significantly in the five years following the decision.

    The federal government came under scrutiny due to data-mining programs.

    Many citizens tried to claim other rights that were unwritten and should be similarly protected.

    Women felt that they were discriminated against by this decision and pushed for abortion rights.
15. Question 15

    2.5/2.5

    According to the Supreme Court’s decision on Brandenburg v. Ohio, in order for speech to be restricted, which criteria must be met?

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    The speech must be offensive to at least one group and must be vulgar in nature.

    The speech must be political and must pose a real and clear threat to federal officials.

    The speech must incite violence or other lawless action and must be likely to produce such an action.

    The speech must pose at least a vague threat to the United States and must be vulgar in nature.
16. Question 16

    2.5/2.5

    Why did the Founders believe the government could not infringe upon the rights listed in the Bill of Rights?

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    They knew that the rights listed were standard to every other government and should be protected in their new government as well.

    They believed that those rights were inherent, with or without a government, so they could not be given or infringed upon by a government.

    They thought that a central government was likely to infringe upon any and all freedoms without them being expressly written down.

    They believed any government that felt the need to infringe upon those rights would eventually create an unfair system of governance.
17. Question 17

    2.5/2.5

    What is the primary function of the Fourth Amendment?

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    to protect the rights of citizens to keep and bear arms

    to guarantee protections from unlawful investigation

    to grant someone the right not to incriminate themselves

    to prohibit the use of cruel and unusual punishment
18. Question 18

    2.5/2.5

    Suppose members of the Amish want their child to attend an educational program through the church, instead of finishing high school at a local public school. The state refuses to allow the parents to pull their children from school. The state’s action violates the precedent set by which case?

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    Edwards v. Aguillard

    Wisconsin v. Yoder

    Lemon v. Kurtzman

    Sherbert v. Verner
19. Question 19

    2.5/2.5

    Which statement best summarizes the functioning of the Social Security system?

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    The federal government collects taxes to fund entitlement programs like Medicare.

    Workers pay Social Security taxes, which would be disbursed to current retirees.

    Workers are required to set aside a certain portion of their paycheck for a retirement fund.

    The government taxes the employed at a higher rate to create an income for the unemployed.
20. Question 20

    2.5/2.5

    Prior to the Great Depression and the introduction of the New Deal, how were the poorest members of society taken care of?

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    They were not taken care of, which made the Great Depression worse.

    States had implemented welfare programs, but they were not applied equally.

    The government had rudimentary welfare programs in place, but nothing extensive.

    Private organizations within communities like charities and churches assisted them.
21. Question 21

    2.5/2.5

    Which statement best describes the United States’ approach to foreign policy during its early years as a nation?

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    In order to assert the United States as a dominant military power, involvement in war was necessary.

    The United States had the duty to take any actions necessary to keep communism out of the West.

    The United States saw it as its responsibility to expand its economic power and values to others.

    The United States was opposed to getting involved in foreign wars outside of Western influence.
22. Question 22

    2.5/2.5

    What effect did President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society programs have on the welfare state in the United States?

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    They forced the government to cut spending and cut taxes to benefit all citizens.

    They provided welfare entitlements to all Americans, not just the needy.

    They devolved several welfare programs to the states and private charities.

    They expanded the welfare state in pursuit of the goal to end poverty in America.
23. Question 23

    2.5/2.5

    What is one benefit of allowing the president to take an expanded role in foreign policy?

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    A powerful president is seen by other nations as threatening, which decreases the chances of war.

    Presidents are, more often than not, highly qualified and experienced in foreign policy matters.

    The president is able to take swift action in response to emergent foreign events and national security threats.

    Congress is often gridlocked and cannot make foreign policy decisions in a timely manner.
24. Question 24

    2.5/2.5

    What is the main function of the House and Senate Appropriations Committees?

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    collaborating with the Office of Management and Budget to form a budget

    drafting several budgets to be presented and approved by the president

    creating a budget based on the one received from the president and their revenue projections

    informing the president of policy goals to be included in the federal budget
25. Question 25

    2.5/2.5

    According to the text, why are politicians often unable to propose or pass any effective reforms to the Social Security system?

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    The Supreme Court has ruled that doing so is unconstitutional.

    Bipartisan leaders in Congress vehemently oppose such a move.

    American citizens and interest groups support the current system.

    Presidents have historically refused to approve such a budget.
26. Question 26

    2.5/2.5

    Which group was founded for the purpose of ensuring equal rights for Black Americans and focused its efforts on litigation?

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    the Association of African American Lawyers

    the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

    the Southern Poverty Law Center

    the American Civil Liberties Union
27. Question 27

    0/2.5

    Ensuring that citizens have equal abilities to enter into contracts, marry, and purchase property can be classified as ______.

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    civil equality

    political equality

    social equality

    economic equality
28. Question 28

    2.5/2.5

    Which organization shifted its focus from First Amendment issues to women’s rights in the 1960s?

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    Planned Parenthood

    the National Organization for Women

    the Southern Poverty Law Center

    the American Civil Liberties Union
29. Question 29

    2.5/2.5

    Which group experienced heightened discrimination in the early 2000s after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001?

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    Mexican Americans

    Muslim Americans

    Native Americans

    Black people
30. Question 30

    2.5/2.5

    When a government grants multiple groups the same right to participate actively in voting, running for office, and petitioning the government, that government has granted ______.

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    federal equality

    political equality

    economic equality

    social equality
31. Question 31

    2.5/2.5

    The “separate but equal” doctrine established by the Supreme Court was a result of which case?

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    Sweatt v. Painter

    Dred Scott v. Sandford

    Brown v. Board of Education

    Plessy v. Ferguson
32. Question 32

    2.5/2.5

    The Supreme Court outlawed quota systems for university admissions in its decision on ______.

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    Gratz v. Bollinger

    Grutter v. Bollinger

    Adarand v. Pena

    Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
33. Question 33

    2.5/2.5

    Which type of equality ensures equal and fair treatment in all public and private institutions?

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    social equality

    economic equality

    natural equality

    political equality
34. Question 34

    2.5/2.5

    The victory for Black Americans over the issue of school segregation was won with the Supreme Court’s decision on Brown v. Board of Education. This is an example of which tactic?

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    legal boycott

    litigation

    utilizing the political system

    civil disobedience
35. Question 35

    2.5/2.5

    Which New Deal program was intended to act as a national pension system?

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    Medicare

    Medicaid

    food stamps

    Social Security
36. Question 36

    2.5/2.5

    ______ policy involves raising revenue through taxation and determining how to spend that revenue.

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    Discretionary

    Economic

    Fiscal

    Monetary
37. Question 37

    2.5/2.5

    The second stage of the policymaking process is known as the ______.

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    formulation stage

    adoption stage

    recognition stage

    evaluation stage
38. Question 38

    2.5/2.5

    When a policy successfully passes through Congress, it has just completed which stage of the policymaking process?

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    the formulation stage

    the evaluation stage

    the adoption stage

    the implementation stage
39. Question 39

    2.5/2.5

    Which major event led to the adoption of welfare state policies in the United States?

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    the financial crisis of 2008

    the September 11, 2001 attacks

    the Great Depression

    the Vietnam War
40. Question 40

    2.5/2.5

    What is the first step in the public policymaking process?

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    formulation of a new policy to address an issue

    evaluation of the effectiveness of a policy

    recognizing a problem to be solved with policy

    the adoption of a policy as law
41. Question 41

    2.5/2.5

    What was the main goal of the United States according to the concept of manifest destiny?

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    occupying North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast

    expanding economic and religious influence to Caribbean territories

    pushing the French and British out of Canada for Northern expansion

    taking over Mexican territories to find gold and other precious metals
42. Question 42

    2.5/2.5

    The foreign policy approach of increasing the territorial or economic influence of one’s own country is known as ______.

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    the Marshall Plan

    containment

    expansionism

    the Monroe Doctrine
43. Question 43

    2.5/2.5

    Spending that must be paid toward a policy due to previous laws and that cannot be modified by the annual budget is referred to as ______.

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    mandatory spending

    discretionary spending

    deficit spending

    compelled spending
44. Question 44

    2.5/2.5

    Why is political equality essential to the health and function of a democracy?

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    Political equality gives anyone the chance to run for president, which is foundational to a true democracy.

    Democracy does not function in societies that practice slavery, since an entire group of people are not represented.

    Everyone must be able to cast a vote for who they believe should be president in order to have a true democracy.

    All members of a society must have an equal opportunity to participate in politics to have effective representation.
45. Question 45

    2.5/2.5

    What was the main purpose of Jim Crow laws in the South?

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    to deny Black Americans economic opportunities

    to prohibit Black Americans from paying taxes

    to deny Black Americans social equality

    to integrate black and white public schools
46. Question 46

    2.5/2.5

    What impact did the Dawes Severalty Act likely have on Native Americans?

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    the establishment of a separate Native American central government

    a strengthening of core Native American values and beliefs

    an increase in the overall wealth and property ownership of Native Americans

    a deterioration of Native American heritage, culture, and tribal identification
47. Question 47

    0/2.5

    Which argument might be used to justify getting rid of affirmative action programs in hiring and admissions?

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    Such programs favor whites more than they do any other group.

    Affirmative action programs actually harm those they are meant to help.

    The programs are generally ineffective and costly.

    Such programs may exacerbate the racial divide in the country.
48. Question 48

    2.5/2.5

    Which distinction may be drawn between the protections to women provided in Title IX and those in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

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    Title VII gave additional protections to women of color, while Title IX focused on all women.

    Title IX utilizes affirmative action programs, while Title VII does not.

    Title IX focuses on educational programs and activities, while Title VII protects against discrimination in the workplace.

    The enforcement of Title IX has been less effective in practice than Title VII.
49. Question 49

    2.5/2.5

    What was the result of the Supreme Court’s decision on Adarand v. Pena?

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    All racial classifications are permitted under the Constitution if they have good intentions.

    The standard of minimal or rational basis scrutiny applies to all racial classifications.

    Racial classifications that are set for the benefit of one group may not negatively impact another.

    All racial classifications are unconstitutional unless it meets the standard of strict scrutiny.
50. Question 50

    2.5/2.5

    Which program was intended to promote racial, ethnic, and gender gains in education and the workplace?

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    the Civil Rights Act of 1968

    Title IX

    affirmative action

    quotas

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