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students will be introduced to methods of field observation, and they will use a physical research notebook to practice field observations. This will begin with online observations of captive animals, and then move on to outdoors observations of animals. After completing the introductory workshop, students will select a species and undertake a series of field observations for homework. Potential animals of study include crows, pigeons, ducks, geese, squirrels, ants, flies, and other creatures that can be observed safely and easily using a non-interventionist approach (in person, or via a wildlife cam). Along with studying the social and physiological aspects of their chosen species, students will be asked to gather behavioral data (ethograms), and to keep a log of environmental variables that arise during each observation period (such as weather, location, time of day, density of human presence, etc). Students’ total observation time should meet or exceed 180 minutes of observation in 15 or 30 second intervals. Along with keeping a field journal, students will be asked to record an image, video, and/or audio file of their species to upload this file to the citizen-science app iNaturalist. This will help students confirm the species they’re looking at. At the end of Unit 2, students will submit a final report of their observations. This 4-5 page report (1000 words or less not including the references or appendix) should include the following: A concise overview of your species’ ecological and evolutionary character: including its habitat, physiology, social life, adaptations, attitudes toward humans, etc. A brief discussion of the different methods of observation that you practiced, and how they contributed to your understanding of your species. This section of your paper should make direct connections to at least 2 insights from Frans de Waal’s book Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are? A visualization of your quantitative/behavioral data (ethograms) gathered from your observations (in the form of a graph, chart, etc.) A verbal/written analysis of your data, as well as reflections on what you’ve learned about your species through observation. Along with identifying potential connections to variables (such as environment, weather, time of day, etc.), this part of your report should discuss any theories you developed in the field, how you tested them, and/or how you confirmed them (or attempted to confirm them) by consulting existing research on your species. This written analysis should make up a significant portion of your report (350-450 words). And it should use Frans de Waal’s Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are? to reflect on the challenges and rewards of observational approaches to understanding nonhuman species. Additional Guidelines minimum observation total time is 3 hours. You can do it in 15 minute chunks of 15 second intervals. maximum number of words for the report is 1000 visualization section includes 3 elements (see my Google sheet) and one more custom element a table describing the categories, behaviors, codes, and a desсrіption of everything that falls under that behavior, a bar chart showing the number of observations per behavior a pie chart showing the share percentage of each behavior one more chart that you create based on a slice of your data to support your hypothesis. (for example, for my crows, my hypothesis was that they vocalize with clicks in the morning and with caws in the afternoon). I can create a chart just showing vocalizations for different periods of the day. I have found using a free Tabata app on my phone and setting it to every 30 seconds for 15 minutes was useful in having the time kept for me while I make my observations. Here are a few great videos about how to create ethograms and how to make observations. Pay close attention to the ethogram design and the scan-sampling chart. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v＝FtYX-aMQ4Qg&t＝902s&themeRefresh＝1  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v＝0NbpJ2RzbcQ&t＝313s%C2%A0  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v＝fAY8ZatNTZE        NO AI, i will use copyleaks. Use https://quillbot.com/grammar-check only to proof read

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